The Obelisk of Axum is one of Ethiopia’s most iconic monuments and a symbol of the country’s rich cultural heritage. Standing proudly in the Stelae Field of Axum, this massive granite stele has fascinated historians, archaeologists, and travelers for centuries. Its story weaves together ancient craftsmanship, colonial history, and Ethiopia’s determination to preserve its cultural treasures. Here is History & Significance of the Obelisk of Axum: From Ancient Times to Modern Day.
What Is the Obelisk of Axum?
The Obelisk of Axum is a towering stone monument, or stele, carved from a single piece of granite. At 24 meters (79 feet) tall, it is one of the tallest standing structures of its kind. The obelisk is decorated with intricate carvings that resemble multi-story buildings, complete with windows and doors — a remarkable example of Axumite architecture.
Historical Background: The Kingdom of Axum
The monument dates back to around the 4th century CE, during the height of the Kingdom of Axum, one of the great civilizations of the ancient world. Axum was a powerful trading empire that connected Africa, Arabia, and the Mediterranean.
The obelisks, or stelae, were built as grave markers for Axumite royalty and nobility. They were not merely tombstones but symbols of power, prestige, and spiritual belief. The carvings on the Obelisk of Axum reflect the advanced engineering and artistic skills of the Axumites.
Symbolism and Cultural Importance
The Obelisk of Axum is more than just an ancient monument — it represents Ethiopia’s historical continuity and cultural pride. Some historians interpret the stelae as symbols of eternal life, linking the living with the spiritual realm.
For Ethiopians, the obelisk stands as a testament to their ancestors’ ingenuity and Ethiopia’s place among the world’s earliest civilizations.
The Journey to Rome and Back
In 1937, during the Italian occupation of Ethiopia, the Obelisk of Axum was taken to Rome as war loot under Mussolini’s orders. For decades, it stood near the Circus Maximus, far from its original home.
After years of negotiations, the obelisk was finally returned to Ethiopia in 2005 and re-erected in Axum in 2008. This return was a moment of national pride and an important milestone in the fight to repatriate cultural artifacts taken during colonial times.
Visiting the Obelisk Today
Today, the Obelisk of Axum is one of the highlights for visitors exploring Northern Ethiopia’s UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Travelers can explore the Stelae Field, see other ancient stelae including the Great Stele (now collapsed), and visit nearby historical sites such as:
- Queen of Sheba’s Palace ruins
- Church of St. Mary of Zion, believed by some to house the Ark of the Covenant
- Axum Archaeological Museum for artifacts and historical context
Travel Tips for Seeing the Obelisk of Axum
- Best Time to Visit: October to March, when the weather is dry and pleasant.
- How to Get There: Fly to Axum Airport from Addis Ababa or take a scenic drive from Gondar or Mekelle.
- Local Guides: Hiring a guide enhances your visit by providing historical insights and context.
- Combine Your Trip: Pair Axum with visits to Lalibela, Gondar, and the Simien Mountains for a complete Northern Ethiopia experience.
Why the Obelisk of Axum Matters Today
The story of the Obelisk of Axum is one of resilience — from its construction in ancient times to its forced removal and eventual return home. It reminds the world of Ethiopia’s long-standing civilization and its ability to reclaim its cultural heritage. For travelers, standing in front of the obelisk is an awe-inspiring experience, offering a direct connection to Ethiopia’s powerful past.
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